It is possible to specialize further in a sub-specialty. To be a cardiologist in the United States, a three-year residency in internal medicine is followed by a three-year fellowship in cardiology. Adult cardiology Ĭardiology is a specialty of internal medicine. However, some minimally invasive procedures such as cardiac catheterization and pacemaker implantation are performed by cardiologists who have additional training in non-surgical interventions (interventional cardiology and electrophysiology respectively). For example, coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG), cardiopulmonary bypass and valve replacement are surgical procedures performed by surgeons, not cardiologists. Surgical aspects are not included in cardiology and are in the domain of cardiothoracic surgery. Therefore, an adult cardiologist (often simply called "cardiologist") is inadequately trained to take care of children, and pediatric cardiologists are not trained to treat adult heart disease. 3.5.1 Essential vs Secondary hypertensionĪll cardiologists study the disorders of the heart, but the study of adult and child heart disorders each require different training pathways.1.2 Preventive cardiology and cardiac rehabilitation.1.1.2 Clinical cardiac electrophysiology.
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